- Reptilian Elite
Reason for rejection: There is no evidence of any kind. The theory is unfalsifiable by construction: any apparent absence of lizards is explained by their shape-shifting, and any denial is explained by their control of the media. It is the…
- The 2020 US Election Steal and January 6
Why it holds. The theory does what the rest of the folder does: every loss in court proves the courts are in on it, every Republican who looked and found nothing is a traitor, and every piece of missing evidence is being suppressed (Popper…
- Fallibilism
The term is most associated with Charles Sanders Peirce, and the attitude is central to Karl Popper's philosophy of science: a theory earns its keep by surviving attempts to refute it, not by being proven (Popper's Razor).
- Solipsism
Solipsism cannot be refuted, but it also cannot be used. It makes no predictions and forbids nothing. By Popper's Razor it is not a scientific hypothesis, and by Occam's Razor it is no simpler than realism, since it still has to account fo…
- Angels
Belief remains high because it costs nothing and comforts. Around seven in ten Americans and roughly one in three British adults say they believe in angels. A belief that makes no prediction, demands no behaviour and soothes the bereaved w…
- Biblical Literalism and Inerrancy
We do not have the text. No original manuscript of any biblical book exists. For the New Testament there are some 5,800 Greek manuscripts containing several hundred thousand variant readings, most trivial and some not: the ending of Mark,…
- Deism
Why it cannot be assessed. A god who did one thing fourteen billion years ago and nothing since is indistinguishable, from where we stand, from no god at all. There is no observation that would differ between the two cases. By Popper's Raz…
- God
Claims about god that are inherently unfalsifiable fall outside the bounds of empirical or rational inquiry and are therefore improper subjects of belief (Popper's Razor, ignosticism).
- Hard Atheism
Popper's Razor
- Mind-body dualism
Property dualism (the view that mental properties are non-physical properties of physical things) is harder to dismiss but, as far as I can tell, adds nothing. If every mental property is fully determined by a physical state, the claim tha…
- Prayer
The theological escape makes the claim empty. Told of the trials, believers reply that God is not a vending machine, that prayer must not be tested (Deuteronomy 6:16), that God answers "yes, no, or wait". A prayer that is answered confirms…
- Reincarnation and Karma
Karma is unfalsifiable. Every outcome confirms it: good fortune is past merit, misfortune is past sin, and where the sin cannot be found it is assigned to a life nobody can check. A theory that fits every observation forbids nothing (Poppe…
- Argument from Consciousness
"Personal explanation" is not an explanation. It names an agent and an intention and gives no mechanism, no prediction, and no constraint. It fits every possible fact about consciousness equally well: if experience correlated with the live…
- Argument from Existential Dependence
Its immunity to cosmology is bought with immunity to evidence. An argument that holds whatever the universe is like, whether it began or not, whatever physics turns out to be, is an argument that no observation bears on (Popper's Razor). T…
- Argument from Mathematical Intelligibility
"Theism predicts it" is written after the result. Nothing in any theology predicted complex Hilbert spaces or gauge symmetry. Had mathematics applied only roughly, the apologist would have said God made a world of mystery to keep us humble…
- Argument from Psychophysical Harmony
Theism explains it by a mind that is itself unexplained. "God wanted experience to fit" is a personal explanation with no mechanism, no prediction, and no constraint; it would equally "explain" disharmony as a test of faith (Popper's Razor…
- Experiential Argument
The claim that the experience is "self-authenticating" is simply a refusal to allow it to be tested. It places the belief beyond evidence (Popper's Razor) and is, in effect, an admission that no argument is being offered.
- Fine-Tuning Argument
God does not need fine-tuning. An omnipotent being could sustain life in a universe with any constants at all, by will. Fine-tuning is therefore not predicted by theism; it is predicted, if by anything, by a designer working within constra…
- Inimitability of the Quran
The challenge has no criteria for success and no judge, so it cannot be met and cannot fail. A test that cannot be failed is not a test (Popper's Razor).
- Origin of Life Argument
"A designer did it" explains nothing. It specifies no mechanism, no time, no place, and no method; it predicts nothing; it cannot be wrong (Popper's Razor). And it needs a designer at least as complex as a cell, who presumably also needed…
- Reformed Epistemology Argument
Perception earns its basic status; belief in God has not. Perceptions check each other, cohere, and predict; a tree I see I can also touch, and others can see it too. There is no equivalent for the sensed presence of God: no second channel…
- Theodicy
This proves too much. If we cannot judge God's reasons for permitting evil, we cannot judge that he is good either, and every inference from the world to God's character, including the ones the apologist likes, is cut off at the root. It i…
- Astrology and Tarot
Why it persists. Horoscopes are written to be unfalsifiable (Popper's Razor): a prediction that "a challenge at work may test your patience" cannot fail. Readings are flattering, they are about the most interesting subject in the world to…
- Detox
Name the toxin. In 2009 the charity Sense About Science asked the makers of fifteen detox products, from smoothies to shampoos, two questions: what do you mean by detox, and which toxins does your product remove? None could name a toxin, a…
- Creationism and Intelligent Design
The creationist replies. "Appearance of age" (God made the light already on its way, the rocks already old) was proposed by Philip Gosse in 1857, and was rejected by Christians at the time because it makes God a forger of evidence. It is a…
- The Demon-Haunted World
If I had to pick one book from this list to give to someone who wanted to understand how I think, it would be this one. The dragon in the garage is the unfalsifiable claim made vivid, and the baloney detection kit is most of the thinking t…
- Philosophical scepticism
Popper's Razor
- Problem of evil
Mysterious ways. God has reasons we cannot know. This abandons the claim that the god is good in any sense we understand, and makes the attribute unfalsifiable (Popper's Razor). It is also an Appeal to Ignorance.
- Eric Weinstein Walks Into a Bar
The underlying point stands regardless of who makes it: a theory of everything that cannot be written down for other people to check is not a theory, it is a claim to have one. See Burden of proof and Popper's Razor.
- Jordan Peterson vs 20 Atheists -Surrounded - Jubilee
Peterson has given no definition and so avoids defending any specific claim. He can attack anything the Atheists attempts to define god as naïve, insufficient, not his view, and yet can retreat to saying "I never said that's what I believe…
- Austin witsit
That last move is why he is here. It is the textbook unfalsifiable position: the decisive test was agreed in advance, run, and failed, and the belief survived by adding a mechanism. See Popper's Razor and Special Pleading. He is also a gri…
- Karl Popper
Popper's Razor
- Sigmund Freud
Popper's Razor
- Alder's razor - Newton's Flaming Laser Sword
Popper's Razor
- Empiricist principle
Popper's Razor
- Hitchens' Razor
Popper's Razor
- Occam's Razor - Principle of Parsimony
Popper's Razor
- Russell's Teapot
Popper's Razor
- Simulation hypothesis
Like its predecessors, the hypothesis is unfalsifiable as usually stated. Any evidence against it can be explained as part of the simulation. By Popper's Razor that makes it not a scientific hypothesis, and by my account of Knowledge it ma…
- World View
Epistemology. Knowledge is a set of models, held in the brain, built from fallible sense data and fallible reasoning, whose job is to predict and so to minimise surprise. Truth is correspondence with reality, but we have no direct access t…