Abraham Wald
Notes
Abraham Wald (1902–1950), Hungarian-born mathematician and statistician who worked for the US Statistical Research Group during the Second World War. Asked where to add armour to bombers on the basis of damage to returning aircraft, he pointed out that the data described only the planes that had survived, and that the undamaged areas on them were the places where a hit was fatal. It is the canonical example of Survivorship Bias.
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Wald